Characteristics of Orthodontic Malocclusion and Oral Health Status among a Group of Yemeni Autism Children in Hadhramaut Governorate

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition often associated with oral health challenges; however, data on orthodontic malocclusion and oral health status among children with ASD remain limited in Yemen. This study aimed to evaluate and compare malocclusion patterns and oral health status between children with autism (ASD) and non-autistic children (NASD) in Hadhramaut Governorate. A total of 680 children aged 8–14 years were examined, including 340 children with ASD and 340 NASD. Clinical assessments were conducted in autism centers and private schools. They included evaluation of molar and overjet relationships, vertical and transverse occlusal relationships, and oral health status using the DMFT/dmft index. Statistical analysis was performed to compare findings between the two groups. Children with ASD showed higher percentages of sagittal malocclusion compared to NASD, including Class II molar relation (19.1% vs 11.2%) and increased overjet (20.6% vs 12.1%). A significantly higher prevalence of open bite was observed in the ASD group (13.5%) compared to NASD (2.65%), indicating a strong association. No statistically significant difference was found in transverse malocclusion between the two groups (crossbite: 5.9% vs 2.9%). Regarding dental caries, children with ASD showed a higher prevalence of mild DMFT/dmft index (26.8% vs 19.1%), which was statistically significant. SD exhibits a higher prevalence of malocclusion and oral health status compared with ASD, emphasizing the need for early screening, preventive measures, and individualized orthodontic and dental care strategies tailored to this population.